BiCMOS

(BIpolarCMOS) A type of integrated circuit that uses both bipolar and CMOS technologies. The logic gates are primarily made of CMOS, but their output stages use bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). Bipolar transistors consume more current (and therefore dissipate more power), but which switch faster.

For more information,please click on the given links:-
www.discovery.bits-pilani.ac.in/discipline/eee/agupta/advanced-vlsi/course%20material/12BiCMOS%20Technology.ppt
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BiCMOS
www.standardics.nxp.com/support/documents/logic/pdf/families.bicmos.features.pdf
www.larc.ee.nthu.edu.tw/~tyc/EE3230_2007/slide/TTL10.ppt

Nanotechnology and Dental

Jamia Millia Islamia is planning to set up its own dental college from the next academic session. As per the Dental Council of India (DCI), if any varsity wants to open a dental college, it must sign an MoU with a government hospital within a 10-km radius, or have a 100-bedded hospital facility of its own.
Course coordinator of the Faculty of Dentistry Professor Arif Ali said the university is signing an MOU with ESI Hospital, which is located three kilometres away. The CPWD has assured that by August, 42,000 square metres will be ready for the college. The university will be ready for the DCI inspection . The college, which is being designed by renowned architect, Romi Khosla, will be built by the CPWD on an area of 1.25 lac sq metres.
The six winged six floor buildings, which will be built at an estimated cost of Rs 45 crore, will be equipped with at least 24 dental chairs imported from Brazil. Once operational, the college will offer a four-year Bachelors in Dental Sciences with an intake of 50 students. http://www.jamia.nic.in/

An Application of Nanotechnology in Advanced Dental Materials :-

Researchers have investigated the potential for nanotechnology to improve the durability of dental fillings. Dental fillings are used to repair the damage caused by tooth decay. The decayed portion of the tooth is removed and the remaining hole is filled with the restoration material. However, these fillings do not last a lifetime. They may crack or loosen, and additional decay may develop in the surround tooth. Among the most common restorative materials is composite resin. Composite resin is composed of glass or quartz fillers and an acrylic plastic material. A decay-fighting additive is included in many composites. The additive releases a steady supply of calcium and phosphate ions, which strengthen the surrounding tooth and help prevent further decay. However, these additives are structurally weak, and their addition to the composite mix weakens the filling as a whole. Some Researchers developed new forms of the decay-fighting additive that are 20 times smaller than the additive currently in use. Due to their smaller size, far fewer of these nanoparticles are required than their predecessors for the same effect. This allows more room for the stronger materials in the composites, resulting in a composite material that is stronger, overall. According to the Paffenbarger scientists, these newly developed nanocomposites may be nearly twice as strong as the variety currently available to dentists.

For more informations,please click on the below given link:-
www.ecmjournal.org/journal/supplements/vol010supp01/pdf/vol010supp01a19.pdf
www.science.cmu.ac.th/journal-science/323_FabricationDentalPorcelain.pdf
www.mseg.udel.edu/images/projects/Pochan/NanoComposite/Hule_Proof.pdf
www.mans.edu.eg/pcvs/11000/5.pdf
www.cbecimat.com.br/Trab_Completos/201-006.doc
www.mse.ntu.edu.tw/~frontier/Dental%20Materials,%2022,%20138-145.pdf

What will be after Nanotechnology ?

ANGOTECHNOLOGY
Now the challenge is to push nanofabrication to the scale of single nanometers and even Angstroms.
Historically, the Ångström is named after the Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Ångström (1814–1874), who was one of the founders of spectroscopy. In 1868, Ångström introduced a spectrum chart to systematize solar radiation. The chart expressed the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation of the Sun in multiples of one ten-millionth of a millimeter, now called Angstrom. To give an example, the width of a human hair is typically about one million Angstroms.To make electronic devices with dimensions of a few Angstroms a new technology needs to be developed. Such Angstrom-resolution technology, or angotechnology, to be efficient, needs to provide tools to manipulate single atoms. Recently a possible approach to angotechnology was suggested in a paper by Aref, Remeika, and Bezryadin. Their idea is based on two facts: (1) Single atomic layers of graphite, known as graphene, are now available to scientists through the developments of Novoselov and collaborators. (2) The electron beam in a modern high-resolution Transmission Electron Microscope can be focused into a spot of only half an Angstrom. Remarkably, the electron focus spot diameter is smaller than the distance between neighboring atoms in graphene, which is 1.4 Angstroms. It is suggested by some researchers that if a highly focused e-beam of a TEM should be able to push single atoms from a suspended graphene layer. In order to illustrate the idea, Aref and collaborators focused an electron beam on a carbon nanotube, which is composed of a few rolled layers of graphene. It was indeed possible to remove atoms from the nanotube. The size of the resulting holes was about 20 or 30 Angstroms, which corresponds to hundreds of atoms removed. Although the power of the 2 00 keV e-beam to expel atoms from graphene is evident, the possibility to remove single atoms at will remains to be demonstrated in the experiment. The authors of the paper argue that further optimization of the method should allow the electron-beam expulsion of single atoms (EBESA) from the graphene. The EBESA, when achieved, will be the key to angofabrication and angotechnolgy. Many group compete to achieve the goal of a controlled expulsion of single atoms. This will allow one to fabricate devices with a truly atomic precision, simply by removing unwanted atoms from a monoatomic film, such as graphene.
The image given above illustrates the principle of EBESA, suggested as an approach to the development of angotechnology. There, a ficused beam of electrons (red) targets single atoms of graphene and expels them, on a one-by-one basis. Thus graphene-based electronic devices of any shape can be produced, with atomic precision. The figure above shows a prototype tripod device (green).