P.G DIPLOMA NANO D.U

New Programme of P.G Diploma in Nanotechnology start in Delhi Univerity which is funded by U.G.C


Programme Name : P.G Diploma in Nanotechnology
Duration : One Year
Programme Fee : Approx 10,000 Rs including study material
Entry : Through Comptetitive Exam (Limited Seats)
Eligibilty : Graduates in Science
Prog Major Focus : To motivate the students for the research in this field
Study Location : Maytri College,Chankya puri,Delhi Universirty

Note : Previously this college arrange short term courses in
the field of nanotechnology

CereBroSpino Fluid (CSF) Test

Definition

A CSF glucose test measures the amount of sugar (glucose) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a clear fluid that flows in the space surrounding the spinal cord and brain.

How the Test is Performed
The health care provider will place a needle into the lower spinal area and take a sample of cerebrospinal fluid. This is called a spinal tap or lumbar puncture. The entire procedure takes about 20 minutes. For detailed information, see the article on lumbar puncture.

The fluid is sent to a lab, where it is examined under a microscope.

How the Test Will Feel
Under experienced hands there should not be any pain. You may feel pressure when the needle is inserted. Occasionally, some people may feel numbness shooting down the leg. This may be due to irritation of a nerve root.

Following the procedure, you will be asked to remain lying down for a while to prevent headaches associated with spinal taps.

Why the Test is Performed
This test may be done to diagnose tumors, infections, inflammation of the central nervous system, delirium, and other neurological and medical conditions.

Normal Results
The glucose levels should be between 50 to 80 mg/100 mL. Levels may vary slightly depending on the amount of glucose in the blood. However, the level in the CSF should be about two-thirds the level in the blood.

Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.

What Abnormal Results Mean
Abnormal results include increased and decreased glucose levels. Abnormal results may be due to:

Infection (bacterial or fungus)
Inflammation of the central nervous system
Tumor
Risks
Risks of lumbar puncture include:

Allegic reaction to the anesthetic
Discomfort during the test
Headache after the test
Bleeding into the spinal canal
Infection
Brain herniation may occur if a lumbar puncture is done on a person with a mass in the brain (such as a tumor or abscess). This can result in brain damage or death. A lumbar puncture is not done if an exam or other tests show signs of a tumor or abscess.

Some persons have temporary leg numbness or tingling due to irritation of a nerve root by the needle

Epilepsy and its diaganosis

Epilepsy :-

Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes people to have recurring seizures. The seizures happen when clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain send out the wrong signals. People may have strange sensations and emotions or behave strangely. They may have violent muscle spasms or lose consciousness.
Epilepsy has many possible causes, including illness, brain injury and abnormal brain development. In many cases, the cause is unknown.
Doctors use brain scans and other tests to diagnose epilepsy. It is important to start treatment right away. There is no cure for epilepsy, but medicines can control seizures for most people. When medicines are not working well, surgery or implanted devices such as vagus nerve stimulators may help. Special diets can help some children with epilepsy.

Anti-Epileptic Medicine:-

Frisium (clobazam) belongs to a class of medications called benzodiazepines (BEN-zo-di-AZ-ah-peens). Frisium is effective against all seizure types, although tolerance (lessening of the effect from the same dose) may limit its long-term usefulness for some patients.
It is used mainly as an add-on (adjunctive) medication for primary generalized and partial seizure disorders but it also can be effective when used alone.
In addition, it is used intermittently to treat seizures associated with the menstrual cycle

SEDATIVES

A sedative is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement.
At higher doses it may result in slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes. Doses of sedatives such as benzodiazepines when used as a hypnotic to induce sleep tend to be higher than those used to relieve anxiety where as only low doses are needed to provide calming sedative effects.
Sedatives can be abused to produce an overly-calming effect (alcohol being the classic and most common sedating drug). At high doses or when they are abused, many of these drugs can cause unconsciousness and even death

Types of sedatives:-

Barbiturates
amobarbital (Amytal)
pentobarbital (Nembutal)
secobarbital (Seconal)
Phenobarbitol (Luminal)

Benzodiazepines ("minor tranquilizers")
clonazepam (Klonopin)
diazepam (Valium)
estazolam (Prosom)
flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
lorazepam (Ativan)
midazolam (Versed)
nitrazepam (Mogadon)
oxazepam (Serax)
triazolam (Halcion)
temazepam (Restoril, Normison, Planum, Tenox, and Temaze)
chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
alprazolam (Xanax)

Herbal sedatives
ashwagandha
catnip
kava (Piper methysticum)
mandrake[citation needed]
cannabis
valerian

Solvent sedatives
chloral hydrate (Noctec)
diethyl ether (Ether)
ethyl alcohol (alcoholic beverage)
methyl trichloride (Chloroform)

Nonbenzodiazepine sedatives
eszopiclone (Lunesta)
zaleplon (Sonata)
zolpidem (Ambien)
zopiclone (Imovane, Zimovane)

Uncategorized Sedatives
carisoprodol (Soma)
clomethiazole (clomethiazole)
gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Thalidomide
ethchlorvynol (Placidyl)
glutethimide (Doriden)
ketamine (Ketalar, Ketaset)
methaqualone (Sopor, Quaalude)
methyprylon (Noludar)
ramelteon (Rozerem)

LORAZEPAM--SEDATIVE FOR PATIENTS

Lorazepam, initially marketed under the brand names Ativan and Temesta, is a benzodiazepine drug with short to medium duration of action. It has all five intrinsic benzodiazepine effects: anxiolytic, amnesic, sedative/hypnotic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant.It is a powerful anxiolytic and since its introduction in 1971, lorazepam's principal use has been in treating the symptom of anxiety. It is a unique benzodiazepine insofar as it has also found use as an adjunct antiemetic in chemotherapy. Among benzodiazepines, lorazepam has a relatively high addictive potential.

Mostly used to sedatae the Neuro-Epileptic Patients

GAMMA AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA)

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It plays an important role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. In humans, GABA is also directly responsible for the regulation of muscle tone.In insect species GABA acts only on excitatory nerve receptors.
While technically an amino acid, GABA is rarely referred to as such in the scientific or medical communities, because the term "amino acid," used without a qualifier, refers to the alpha amino acids, which GABA is not, nor is it incorporated into proteins.
In spastic diplegia in humans, GABA absorption by some nerves becomes damaged, which leads to hypertonia of the muscles signaled by those nerves.

The GABA receptors are a class of receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. There are three classes of GABA receptors: GABAA, GABAB, and GABAС. jea
GABAA and GABAС receptors are ligand-gated ion channels (also known as ionotropic receptors), whereas GABAB receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (also known as metabotropic receptors).

ANTI-EPILEPTIC DRUG

Eptoin 100 is Phenytoin sodium is an antiepileptic drug. Phenytoin sodium is related to the barbiturates in chemical structure, but has a five-membered ring. The chemical name is sodium 5,5-diphenyl-2, 4-imidazolidinedione.

COMMON SIDE EFFECTS:-

Headache, nausea, vomiting, constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, trouble sleeping, or nervousness may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, notify your doctor or pharmacist promptly.

Phenytoin may cause swelling and bleeding of the gums. Massage your gums and brush and floss your teeth regularly to minimize this problem.